In the brain, dear readers, there’s more than just neurons. There’s a kind of internal task force: the microglia. Think of them as garbage collectors, firefighters, and traffic cops all in one. When something breaks, they clean up. When inflammation arises, they step in. But – as with any police force – too much action can cause collateral damage. ...

Not just your average inflammatory edge, but a kind of fortified wall, a siege rampart of activated macrophages, microglia, and molecular chaos. Some of these rims reached 1.7 mm in thickness, bristling with immune cells armed with cytokines, stress signals, and apoptotic markers ...

Multiple Sclerosis is a chameleon of diseases—sometimes loud and dramatic, with relapses and visible lesions. But PIRA is different. No fever, no contrast enhancement. And yet: the patient walks slower, thinks less clearly, lives more restricted.

We long believed the dura mater — the brain’s outermost membrane — to be merely a protective coat. But the latest evidence? It’s more than that. It’s a distribution hub. Through tiny openings known as ACE points (Arachnoid Cuff Exits), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is channeled out like secret passages beneath a Victorian mansion.

They’re rarely mentioned, yet they make up over 30% of all brain cells. Named for their star-shaped appearance, astrocytes were long considered the janitors of the neurons ...

What sounded like a cryptographic cipher turned out to be the latest darling of MS research – a composite biomarker with serious potential.